Comparitive genomic hybridization (CGH) or Chromosomal microarray analysis(CMA) is a modern cytogenetic technique for analyzing variations in DNA copy-number. Alteration in DNA copy number is one of the many ways in which modification of gene expression and function occurs. The technology was initially used for studying chromosomal imbalances in solid tumours.

 Adults Normal Awake Alpha Rhythm Posterior slow waves of youth Slow Alpha Variant Mu Rhythm Beta Theta Hyperventilation Lambda Waves Photic Stimulation Wicket Spikes Pyschomotor variant-rhythmic temporal waves Subclinical Rhythmic EEG Discharge of Adults (SREDA) Normal Drowsiness, Sleep, Arousal: Adults Drowsiness...

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the choroid plexuses within the ventricles, passes into the subarachnoid space around the spinal cord and finally over the surface of the brain, to be absorbed in the arachnoid villi in the sagittal sinus. The composition of the CSF changes during circulation from its creation to its final absorption. For example, the CSF protein is lowest in the lateral ventricles, intermediate in the lumbar subarachnoid space, and highest in the subarachnoid spaces over the surface of the cerebral hemispheres (where it is occasionally sampled in mistake for subdural fluid). Except when there...

Benign (no-familial) neonatal seizures Benign familial neonatal seizures Main seizures mostly clonic tonic-clonic Onset Fifth day of life Second or third day of life Duration of seizures Status epilepticus (median 20 hours) Repetitive isolated seizures Main causes unknown,probably...

Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale Activity Score Infant(0-12m0) Score Child(1+yr) Eye opening 4 Spontaneously 4 Spontaneously 3 To speech 3 To command 2 To pain ...

Algorithm for approach to investigations in Epileptic Encephalopathies - Click here If EEG or MRI results are available click here to consider typical situations Differential Diagnosis Epileptic Encephalopathies presenting with seizures as prominent /unique symptom Epileptic encephalopathies presenting with seizures associated in a syndromic phenotype associated with Suggestive somatic characteristics (i.e. dysmorphic features and/or alterations of head circumference) Epileptic encephalopathies presenting with Seizures associated with Movement disorders Epileptic encephalopathies presenting with seizures associated in a syndromic phenotype associated...

The electroencephalograms (EEGs) of infants and children are normally characterized by a greater mixture of waveforms and frequencies than is found in adults. The relative predominance of these wave types varies with age. There may be considerable intersubject variability, possibly because of differences in maturation. Several waveforms, such as the initial response to hyperventilation and posterior slow rhythms of youth, may be normally asymmetrical. Moreover, infants and young children tend to become drowsy during the recording, and the electrographic alterations with drowsiness are greater than those with adults.

References Drug Study Design Evidence level Dose Age(years) Number of patients Responders (%)Active drug Responders (%)Placebo p value Hamalainen et al 1997 Ibuprofen RCT A 10 mg/kg 4–16 88 68 37 ...

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Reference ranges for drug levels Drug Metabolite Units Ref. range Ref. range metabolite Acetazolamide mg/L 2-12 Carbamazepine Carbamazepine 10-11 epoxide mg/L 1.5-9 Carbamazepine (free) ...